String Types in Delphi

As with any programming language, in Delphi, variables are placeholders used to store values; they have names and data types. The data type of a variable determines how the bits representing those values are stored in the computers memory. When we have a variable that will contain some array of characters, we can declare it to be of typeString.  Delphi provides a healthy assortment of string operators, functions and procedures. Before assigning a String data type to a variable, we need to thoroughly understand Delphis four string types. Short String Simply put,  Short String  is a counted array of (ANSII) characters, with up to 255 characters in the string. The first byte of this array stores the length of the string. Since this was the main string type in Delphi 1 (16 bit Delphi), the only reason to use Short String is for backward compatibility.  To create a ShortString type variable we use:   var s: ShortString; s : Delphi Programming;​ //S_Length : Ord(s[0])); //which is the same as Length(s) The  s  variable is a Short string variable capable of holding up to 256 characters, its memory is a statically allocated 256 bytes. Since this is usually wasteful - unlikely will your short string spread to the maximum length - second approach to using Short Strings is using subtypes of ShortString, whose maximum length is anywhere from 0 to 255.   var ssmall: String[50]; ssmall : Short string, up to 50 characters; This creates a variable called  ssmall  whose maximum length is 50 characters. Note: When we assign a value to a Short String variable, the string is truncated if it exceeds the maximum length for the type. When we pass short strings to some Delphis string manipulating routine, they are converted to and from long string. String / Long / Ansi Delphi 2 brought to Object Pascal  Long String  type. Long string (in Delphis help AnsiString) represents a dynamically allocated string whose maximum length is limited only by available memory. All 32-bit Delphi versions use long strings by default. I recommend using long strings whenever you can.   var s: String; s : The s string can be of any size...; The  s  variable can hold from zero to any practical number of characters. The string grows or shrinks as you assign new data to it. We can use any string variable as an array of characters, the second character in  s  has the index 2. The following code   s[2]:T; assigns  T  to the second character os the  s  variable. Now the few of the first characters in   s  look like:  TTe s str....Dont be mislead, you cant use s[0] to see the length of the string,  s  is not ShortString. Reference counting, copy-on-write Since memory allocation is done by Delphi, we dont have to worry about garbage collection. When working with Long (Ansi) Strings Delphi uses reference counting. This way string copying is actually faster for long strings than for short strings.  Reference counting, by example:   var s1,s2: String; s1 : first string; s2 : s1; When we create string  s1  variable, and assign some value to it, Delphi allocates enough memory for the string. When we copy  s1  to  s2, Delphi does not copy the string value in memory, it only increases the reference count and alters the  s2  to point to the same memory location as  s1. To minimize copying when we pass strings to routines, Delphi uses copy-on-write technique. Suppose we are to change the value of the  s2  string variable; Delphi copies the first string to a new memory location, since the change should affect only s2, not s1, and they are both pointing to the same memory location.   Wide String Wide strings  are also dynamically allocated and managed, but they dont use reference counting or the copy-on-write semantics. Wide strings consist of 16-bit Unicode characters. About Unicode character sets The ANSI character set used by Windows is a single-byte character set. Unicode stores each character in the character set in 2 bytes instead of 1. Some national languages use ideographic characters, which require more than the 256 characters supported by ANSI. With 16-bit notation we can represent 65,536 different characters. Indexing of multibyte strings is not reliable, since  s[i]  represents the ith byte (not necessarily the i-th character) in  s. If you must use Wide characters, you should declare a string variable to be of the WideString type and your character variable of the WideChar type. If you want to examine a wide string one character at a time, be sure to test for multibite characters. Delphi doesnt support automatic type conversions betwwen Ansi and Wide string types.   var s : WideString; c : WideChar; s : Delphi_ Guide; s[8] : T; //sDelphi_TGuide; Null terminated A null or  zero terminated  string is an array of characters, indexed by an integer starting from zero. Since the array has no length indicator, Delphi uses the ASCII 0 (NULL; #0) character to mark the boundary of the string.  This means there is essentially no difference between a null-terminated string and an array[0..NumberOfChars] of type Char, where the end of the string is marked by #0. We use null-terminated strings in Delphi when calling Windows API functions. Object Pascal lets us avoid messing arround with pointers to zero-based arrays when handling null-terminated strings by using the PChar type. Think of a PChar as being a pointer to a null-terminated string or to the array that represents one. For more info on pointers, check:Pointers in Delphi. For example, The  GetDriveType  API function determines whether a disk drive is a removable, fixed, CD-ROM, RAM disk, or network drive. The following procedure lists all the drives and their types on a users computer. Place one Button and one Memo component on a form and assign an OnClick handler of a Button: procedure TForm1.Button1Click(Sender: TObject); var Drive: Char; DriveLetter: String[4]; begin for Drive : A to Z do begin DriveLetter : Drive :\; case GetDriveType(PChar(Drive :\)) of DRIVE_REMOVABLE: Memo1.Lines.Add(DriveLetter Floppy Drive); DRIVE_FIXED: Memo1.Lines.Add(DriveLetter Fixed Drive); DRIVE_REMOTE: Memo1.Lines.Add(DriveLetter Network Drive); DRIVE_CDROM: Memo1.Lines.Add(DriveLetter CD-ROM Drive); DRIVE_RAMDISK: Memo1.Lines.Add(DriveLetter RAM Disk); end; end; end; Mixing Delphis strings We can freely mix all four different kinds of strings, Delphi will give its best to make sense of what we are trying to do. The assignment s:p, where s is a string variable and p is a PChar expression, copies a null-terminated string into a long string. Character types In addition to four string data types, Delphi has three character types:  Char,  AnsiChar, and  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹WideChar. A string constant of length 1, such as T, can denote a character value. The generic character type is Char, which is equivalent to AnsiChar. WideChar values are 16-bit characters ordered according to the Unicode character set. The first 256 Unicode characters correspond to the ANSI characters.

The Human Brain Is The Most Complex Structure Of The Universe

The human brain is the most complex structure in the universe. We are still unsure of its complexity today. The human brain begins forming very early in prenatal life (just three weeks after conception), but in many ways, brain development is a lifelong project. That is because the same events that shape the brain during development are also responsible for storing information, new skills and memories throughout life (Zerotothree.org). Thesis statement (what is your paper going to discuss) Development all starts the moment of conception. According to the information provided by Modern mom, By the time you are three weeks pregnant, the developing embryo has formed a neural groove, which is the foundation for the brain structure. By the time your baby is born, their brain will have over 100 billion neurons. By birth, only the lower portions of the nervous system (the spinal cord and brain stem) are well developed, whereas the higher regions (the limbic system and cerebral cortex) are still rather primeval. The lower brain is in control of the newborn s behavior, such as the kicking, crying, and grasping. These behaviors are the functions of the brainstem and spinal cord. This includes the visual behavior- their ability to track a moving object. Cite Info The brain will not be fully developed until late adolescence. Up until then, their brains will experiences different periods of development. Jean Piaget was a dDevelopment biologist who devoted his life to observing andShow MoreRelatedWorld History in Context Essay1160 Words   |  5 Pagesquestions the context of world history as well as the complexity of human history and the societies with which they live. 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Conserved inside the skull, the brain is filled with the following such as cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem. Each of these have a complex objective. The brainstem is used as a messageRead MoreRelationship Between Science And Religion901 Words   |  4 Pagespresentation, I learned abo ut The Quest for Consciousness. This is most interesting to me because, our conscious state as human beings is what sets us apart from others. We know that we are here on Earth, that we are human, and that there are things outside of this Earth much larger and different than we have imagined. The study of consciousness brings an interesting twist into the relationship between science and religion. 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However, after the 1959 Biological Sciences Curriculum Study, in which evolution was predominately fea tured, some conservatives began to liken the teaching ofRead MoreNeuroscience Of The Nervous System1569 Words   |  7 PagesNeuroscience, commonly referred to as Neural Science, is the study of the way the nervous system develops, how it is structured and the functions of it. Scientists put emphasis on the brain and the impact it has on behavior and cognitive functions. These scientists approach a closer look on the reactions the nervous system has when humans have neurological, psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders. The entire concept of neuroscience is addressed as a subdivision of biology. It is applied to chemistry, cognitiveRead MoreIntelligent Design is a Fact, Not a Theory Essay1535 Words   |  7 Pages There are things in the universe and on the planet that point to an intelligent design and that God is that Intelligent Designer. There are many unique items within animals, plants, and human beings. These items are just too unique and complex to ha ve just happened. The intelligent design of these items points to an Intelligent Designer not just chance. Intelligent design is the study of patterns in nature, animals, and human beings that are best explained as the result of intelligence

The Tragic Hero Victor Frankenstein Free Essays

Aristotle’s ideas about tragedy were recorded in his book of literary theory titled Poetics. In it, he has a great deal to say about the structure, purpose, and intended effect of tragedy. His ideas have been adopted, disputed, expanded, and discussed for several centuries now. We will write a custom essay sample on The Tragic Hero Victor Frankenstein or any similar topic only for you Order Now The following is a summary of his basic ideas regarding the tragic hero: 1. The tragic hero is a character of noble stature and has greatness. This should be readily evident in the play. The character must occupy a â€Å"high† status position but must ALSO embody nobility and virtue as part of his/her innate character. 2. Though the tragic hero is pre-eminently great, he/she is not perfect. Otherwise, the rest of us–mere mortals–would be unable to identify with the tragic hero. We should see in him or her someone who is essentially like us, although perhaps elevated to a higher position in society. 3. The hero’s downfall, therefore, is partially her/his own fault, the result of free choice, not of accident or villainy or some overriding, malignant fate. In fact, the tragedy is usually triggered by some error of judgment or some character flaw that contributes to the hero’s lack of perfection noted above. This error of judgment or character flaw is known as hamartia and is usually translated as â€Å"tragic flaw† (although some scholars argue that this is a mistranslation). Often the character’s hamartia involves hubris (which is defined as a sort of arrogant pride or over-confidence). 4. The hero’s misfortunate is not wholly deserved. The punishment exceeds the crime. 5. The fall is not pure loss. There is some increase in awareness, some gain in self-knowledge, some discovery on the part of the tragic hero.. 6. Though it arouses solemn emotion, tragedy does not leave its audience in a state of depression. Aristotle argues that one function of tragedy is to arouse the â€Å"unhealthy† emotions of pity and fear and through a catharsis (which comes from watching the tragic hero’s terrible fate) cleanse us of those emotions. It might be worth noting here that Greek drama was not considered â€Å"entertainment,† pure and simple; it had a communal function–to contribute to the good health of the community. This is why dramatic performances were a part of religious festivals and community celebrations. How to cite The Tragic Hero Victor Frankenstein, Essay examples

Developments In Organizational Behaviour †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Developments In Organizational Behaviour? Answer: Introduction This report presents the different theories of organizational behavior that may apply in an organizational setting. It also discusses the potential organizational problem and the corrective measures which are taken by management to solve it. It also defines the findings on current developments in organizational behavior. This report also evaluates the organizational behavior theories and their application with appropriate concepts. It also determines the leadership principles and processes to explain the behavior of effective leader and follower. Organization Behaviors There are certain theories of organizational behavior which may be applied in organizational setting such as scientific management and administrative theory. Scientific management theory was developed by Fredric Taylor who has improved the different tools which are used by employees for the same job. Along with this, there were no clear guidelines are determined with respect to the employees and management (Barry, and Wilkinson, 2016). The task is completed by employees was very slow. Therefore, scientific management theories were developed to match the abilities and competencies with the output of the workers. There is no valuable standard of work is existed hence Taylor theories are considered to develop mental revolution between both management and workers. In this way, clear guidelines have been made to enhance the production efficiency. There is four principles related to management is used for organizational setting. The organization must build the scientific solution for each element of the people. Further, it must scientifically choose, train, teach and create the worker. Moreover, the organization must coordinate the worker so as to make sure that entire work has to be done as per the scientific principle (Christina, et al., 2014). The organization also uses organizational behavior theory to divide the work and tasks between workers and management in an equal manner. It is argued that administrative theory is used for organizational setting. This theory defines the efforts and universal functions that manager performs and principles which provide the good management practices. Along with this, the organization considers the five management function of managers for organization setting. These functions are planning, organizing, co-coordinating, directing and controlling. It is analyzed that these management practices have sometimes distinct with certain areas such as finance, accounting, distribution, and production. Along with this, the organization uses 14 principles of management for a successful run the business. These principles are a division of labor, authority, discipline, the unity of command, the unity of direction, and remuneration (Chumg, et al., 2016). Another is the individual interest of subordinates, centralization, order, equity, and scalar chain. It also includes the stability, initiatives and esprit de corps. According to the Coccia, 2014), there are certain potential organizational issues exists within the company but organization formulates proactive managerial intervention, with a particular sensitivity towards ethical, social and cultural concerns. These issues are mainly related to employees and team concern. It is analyzed that individual employees issues are associated with personality conflicts, personal trauma, supervisor issues, and company structure. Management should understand the causes of concern and who or what should be prevented. In case, the company has no clear idea then the solution will fall back to inadequate due to confusing interaction. For instance, a workforce in a decentralized organization should communicate with multiple supervisors in case chain of command is not communicated straightforwardly. Along with this, team problem is another organizational issue. In order to perform best, teams should be dedicated toward work because it enables them to attain the targeted goal (Greenberg, 2013).It is analyzed that if a team member has a personal conflict with each other then the team can be non-functional because they will not support to each other. These issues are originated from management interaction breakdown that creates complexities between the team and personal common goal. In such case, the team leader should offer constant feedback and increase cohesiveness. In case of team issue, the manager should address the issue and take immediate corrective measures to avoid the more severe performance collapses (j Mullins, and Christy, 2013). According to the Kitchin (2017), the modern approach to organizational behavior is based on findings of truth. It describes that why people behave in the manner they perform. The organization behavior is the complicated and delicate procedure. This approach describes that if an individual has aim to organize the organization then entire people should cooperate them and understand the business operation. It is analyzed that organization is the integration of science and people. Although, technology and science are predictable human behavior is unpredictable within the organization. According to the Luthans et al. (2015), there are different organizational behavior theories and concepts that have applied in the organization. The application of theory and concepts associated with organizational behavior can be categorized into different parts named job satisfaction, reward management, authority, personality, power, politics, and leadership. There is not any appropriate way to manage these components of the organization. However, organizational behavior research can facilitate a set of policies and concepts to follow. It is argued that personality is a series of patterned behavior which plays an effective role in the manner an individual communicate with groups and creates work. To know the personality of the team, the company conducts series of test and makes conversation to facilitate better idea for adjusting in the working environment as well as motivate to that person who really deserves it. Moreover, theories with respect to job satisfaction are widely used in the organization but some author argues that satisfying job consists of a frozen reward system, good supervisors, persuasive work, and agreeable working environment (McShane, et al., 2013). Leadership is another essential OB concept which is widely exercised in an organization. It is assessed that when a persons views are connected with management then it can be focused, broad, and centralized or decision oriented, de-centralized and intrinsic in personality. As a result, an organization can give the authority to this person. In additi on to this, power, politics, and authority are used interdependently within the organization. Hence, employees should understand the effective ways, workplace rules, and ethical guidelines to run the business successfully. According to the Miner (2015), there are different leadership principles and processes which are effective to understand the behavior of leaders and followers. There is the different principle of leadership that has implemented within the organization. The first principle defines that leaders should know themselves and looks for self-improvement. In order to understand themselves, leaders should understand the attributes. It can be accomplished by self-study, reflection, formal classes, and interacting with others. Moreover, self-improvement means frequently strengthens their attributes. It can be attained by self-study, reflection, formal classes and communicate with others. The leader should be technically proficient. As a leader, a person must understand their job and have a frozen awareness about the tasks of employees. In addition to this, the leader must seek responsibility and take different responsibility for your actions. In this way, it should search the ways to direct the organization with respect to new heights. It has a responsibility that if they thing wrong then they have no right to blame others and their followers. Hence, it should assess the condition and then take corrective measures and shift to the next tasks. Moreover, the leader should use different tools to make a prompt and sound judgment. These tools are decision making, planning and problem-solving. The leader should set the example in which leader must be a good role model for their employees. They should not only hear what they are estimated to do but also see the activities of followers (Wagner III, and Hollenbeck, 2014). The leader should understand their followers and seek for their well-being. In this way, leaders should understand the nature of human and sincerely care the workers. Along with this, the leader should inform their workers about the operation and also understand the tool of communication to interact with both employees and seniors. Leaders should build a sense of responsibility for their employees. In this case, the company should create good character trait which will help the leader to perform professional responsibilities (wind, et al., 2014).The company should also ensure that tasks are understood, supervised, and accomplished. In this way, communication is the effective way to perform this responsibility. According to the Wood, et al. (2016), there are different process is executed by leaders for performing leadership activities. In this way, leaders should find a process to improve the required issues. After that, a leader inspires the shared vision by which leader shares the vision in words that can be understood by the followers. Further, leader enables other to act. In this way, it provides certain tools and technology to resolve the issues. It is stated that when a procedure gets complex then leaders should provide the way to solve it. They should also encourage their followers while they are in pain. Conclusion From the above discussion, it can be concluded that there are different theories of organizational behavior that may be applied in an organizational setting. It is also evaluated that employee and team concern is potential organization problem hence management takes different corrective action to solve these issues. It is also summarized that there are different organizational behavior concept which is applied within the organization such as personality, leadership and change management. In the last, it can be concluded that there are different leadership principle and processes are used by management to understand the behavior of leaders and their followers. References Barry, M., and Wilkinson, A. (2016) Pro?social or pro?management? A critique of the conception of employee voice as a prosocial behavior within organizational behavior,British Journal of Industrial Relations,54(2), pp. 261-284. Christina, S., Dainty, A., Daniels, K., and Waterson, P. (2014) How organizational behavior and attitudes can impact building energy use in the UK retail environment: a theoretical framework,Architectural Engineering and Design Management,10(1-2), pp. 164-179. Chumg, H. F., Seaton, J., Cooke, L., and Ding, W. Y. (2016) Factors affecting employees' knowledge-sharing behavior in the virtual organization from the perspectives of well-being and organizational behavior,Computers in Human Behavior,64, pp. 432-448. Coccia, M. (2014) Structure and organizational behavior of public research institutions under unstable growth of human resources,International Journal of Services Technology and Management,20(4-6), pp. 251-266. Greenberg, J. (2013)Organizational Behavior: The state of the science. UK: Routledge. j Mullins, L., and Christy, G. (2013)Management and Organisational Behaviour. UK: Pearson Education. Kitchin, D. (2017)An introduction to organizational behavior for managers and engineers: A group and multicultural approach. UK: Routledge. Luthans, F., Luthans, B. C., and Luthans, K. W. (2015)Organizational Behavior: An evidence-based approach. UK: IAP. McShane, S., Olekalns, M., and Travaglione, T. (2013) Organisational behavior: Emerging knowledge, global insights. Ryde.New South Wales, Australia: McGraw-Hill. Miner, J. B. (2015)Organizational Behavior 1: Essential Theories of motivation and leadership. UK: Routledge. Wagner III, J. A., and Hollenbeck, J. R. (2014)Organizational Behavior: Securing competitive advantage. UK: Routledge. Wind, Y., Thomas, R. J., and Sheth, J. N. (2014):Organizational buying behavior. USA: SAGE Publications. Wood, J. M., Zeffane, R. M., Fromholtz, M., Wiesner, R., Morrison, R., Factor, A., and Osborn, R. N. (2016)Organisational behavior: Core concepts and applications. USA: John Wiley and Sons Australia, Ltd.

Regis University Programs

Regis University offers numerous degree programs, an adult education program, and eight master degree programs. It also works with other educational institutions through franchise programs. An internal analysis on various functional areas like marketing, management, and finance determined the competitiveness of the institution. The institution attained a total IFEM score of 2.8.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Regis University Programs specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Introduction and Overview Regis University, an institution in the education sector, is located in Denver. The key employee for the university is its president, David M. Clarke. When David arrived at the institution, it faced several problems. Clarke guided the institution to unprecedented growth. The growth resulted from the bond that the institution had with the members of the business community. Internal Analysis Performing an internal analys is involves considering the strengths and weaknesses that a business experiences in the course of executing its activities. The total IFEM score for the internal analysis is 2.8. This implies that the institution is strong in its operations and market. Management The institution experienced a major strength through the educational ability and experiences of its president, David M. Clarke. The case study shows that the president has previously been working in the academic field and in the corporate world as a chemist, an experience that comes in handy when running the university. This strength weights 0.09. Finance The University’s financial position is a major strength. The institution has been able to open several branches across the state of Denver. The university’s finances weigh 0.05, which signifies a low sense of urgency. Therefore, the university should continue with its fund-raising activities as they ensure its financial security. Marketing and Service The mar keting and services on offer from Regis University weigh 2.7. This signifies a strong position. The university has been able to deliver quality services to its market and collaborate with various sectors. For instance, it has been working in liaison with the business world and other colleges in delivering its franchise program. Production and operations The production and operation activities weigh 2.7. This shows that these activities rate as strong. The university has diversified its activities to cover numerous locations. In addition, it has been successful in establishing other educational programs that suit it client’s needs. Such measures will ensure that the university is successful in future.Advertising Looking for case study on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Human Resource Management The management of human resources at the university weighs 2.2. This implies that the activities under the section ra te as moderate. The university is only able to utilize its senior workers though it has other low level workers at its disposal. Therefore, the university should ensure that the low-level workers are equipped with the necessary skills so that they may efficiently serve the institution. Research and Development The research and development activities that the university engages in weigh 2.7. This implies that they are strong. The university often carries out research on businesses and develops programs that may suit its business needs more appropriately. Therefore, the university should continue with its research and development efforts by holding more surveys and conferences with its clients to ensure it continuously develops programs that will adequately fulfill its business and professional needs. Service delivery The university service delivery methods weigh 3.0. The case study suggests that the locations of the university are easily accessible. Therefore, the university should c ontinue with such practices which will ensure they remain relevant in the industry. Collaborating with Business The university’s bond with other businesses weighs 2.6. These bonds help the institution in expanding its business activities. Therefore, the university should continue creating such bonds. Niche Market The niche market for the university weighs 3.1. This implies that it is very strong. Adults favor the adult education program of the university. Therefore, the university should continuously establish programs that address the problems of these adults and ensure they remain the favorite institution among them. External Analysis The external analysis is an analysis of the threats and opportunities that a business experiences in the course of executing its activities. This analysis includes marketing, management, finance, delivery of services, production, research and development, and information systems. The total EFEM score for the internal analysis is 2.7. This impl ies that the institution faces favorable conditions in its operations and market.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Regis University Programs specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Competition The university only encounters competition from two other institutions. This gives it an advantage and a major opportunity in the market. The competition weighs 2.7. This implies that it is very favorable. Therefore, the university should diversify its activities to ensure it maintains its competitive advantage on its competitors. Industry The education industry lags behind in terms of innovations. The industry weighs 2.6. This implies that it is favorable. Thus, the university should maximize its profits by continuously making improvements to the industry and introducing new programs that may eventually aid in increasing its profits. Economic Conditions The economic conditions that the university experiences weigh 3.1. This implies that they are very favorable. Only Regis University experiences this strong opportunity due to its previous operations. Therefore, the university can utilize these conditions to improve on its economic performance and create a competitive advantage over its competitors. Social Factors The university enjoys favorable social factors in its adult education program, which weighs 2.6. The adult students have favorable environments through which they are able to excel in their studies. This is unlike other institutions that offer similar programs but in poor conditions. Therefore, the university should use the strength to its advantage and expand its educational programs to cover wider areas. Cultural Factors The university enjoys a favorable cultural environment, which weighs 2.8. This is mainly because adults learn on their own while youngsters also do the same. These groups do not interfere with each other. Therefore, the university should utilize the opportunity to its advanta ge and ensure all students excel in their studies. This will attract more students to the institution. Demographic Factors The demographic factors weigh 3.0. This implies that they are very favorable. The case study shows that adult learners attend separate classes from the young learners and at different times. This facilitates their learning activities and implies that the university should take advantage of the favorable atmosphere to popularize its programs and create a competitive advantage over its competitors. Customers The university has customers from diverse areas and ages who have made its popularity to increase over time. The customers weigh 2.8 implying that they are favorable to the university and still come to get education from it. The university has managed to get customers from through other institutions and individuals.Advertising Looking for case study on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Thus, the university should put up methods of maintaining them and end up creating a competitive advantage over its competitors. Critics The critics to the university’s operational methods are threats. They weigh 2.1. This implies that they are hostile. They suggest that the manner in which the university conducts its operations with other businesses will interfere with the quality of education. Thus, the university should persist in delivering quality education that is standard while it satisfies the society’s needs and addresses the issues the critics raise. Conclusion From the external analysis, the total EFEM score of 2.7 shows that the opportunities and threats the university are favorable. The strategies recommended will help the university in expanding its market and in establishing a competitive advantage over its competitors. This case study on Regis University Programs was written and submitted by user Rashad Gomez to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Understanding Cash Flow Management

Understanding Cash Flow Management Free Online Research Papers A business cash flow can be compared to the engine in ones car or the heart in a human body. No car will run without an engine, and the heart needs to keep pumping in order for a human to survive. Cash flow is the heart or engine of a business and the goal behind cash flow management is to determine the cash needed for day-to-day business without losing investment options by having two much cash. There are many cash management techniques to use in a business, and some vary with the products and services sold, and how the business is run. Productive cash flow management will allow a business owner to free up cash in order to make short or long term investments. However, some short-term financing is a way for a business to get immediate funds. The focus of this paper will be toward the small business owner, and it will look at both topics. This paper will show the comparison and contrasting op various techniques of cash management with one another. It will also review the various short-term offers available, and why some are better. Cash Management Techniques The struggle to maintain adequate levels of cash into a small business is a common problem. By projecting the inflow and outflow of your businesses cash, you can determine the amount of cash that will be available during a designated period. Various ways to do this is through a cash flow projection, shortening collection cycles, offer credit, monitor inventory, electronic funds transfer (EFT) transfers/automated clearing houses (ACH), and E-Commerce. Preparing a cash flow projection is a useful tool in helping the financial manager to plan ahead in the coming months and years. If first starting out, projections should be done on a Source: The cash flow cycle from Foundations of Financial Mangement. (Block Hirt, 2005) month-to-month basis, then yearly. This will provide historical data in order to take those values and determine the possible cash level. To do a cash flow projection, think of it as a personal checkbook is there enough money there to pay the bills or look at the bigger picture as shown in Controlling inventory to sales so current assets do not go up and down helps eliminates having to discount items or pay for storage. An example used by Block and Hirt (2005) was McGraw-Hill and textbooks. Too many or too little textbooks produced would mean loss of sales or excess inventory that could not be sold until the following school year. Businesses should buy inventory at the best price and that can be sold within a short time, and special orders need deposits. Service businesses do not have to worry about inventory, but like most firms, they look for vendors that will offer stretch payments. Vendors that allow firms to pay within 30 to 60 day give those businesses more readily available cash. On the other hand, a business wants to expedite their customers payments and can do so by offering incentives like discounts on the entire bill or pushing up the payment cycle and include stiff late fees. (AllBusiness, 2007). EFT is probably the most efficient and cost savings tool a firm can use. Not only will it encompass all the above actions discussed, but it can be used for direct deposit of paychecks, and allow the firm to make their payments to creditors at the last minute. It costs only nine-cents compared to issue an EFT/ACH payments compared to an 86-cent paper check. (U.S. Treasury, 2007). Reasonably priced alternatives to EFT are Regional Collection Centers or a lock box system that can cash checks quicker. However, the time period is usually 24 hours and there is an additional cost to the firm. (2007). The world-wide web makes E-Commerce a must for business. Purchases and payments can be made 24/7. A wider range of customers can be served, and investments by a company can be made though transactions. Since the United States money is an accepted currency world-wide, EFT makes investing overseas and borrowing from foreign banks easier. Short-Term Financing Businesses seeking loans want the lowest interest rate possible. Since the U.S. dollar is the worlds international currency, many firms look for Eurodollar loans that offer the London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR). The LIBOR rate is lower than the prime interest rate, making these loans more favorable. This problem is most of these loans are given to larger worldwide companies like McDonalds, which has numerous loans in euro-based currencies (2005). Smaller firms seek loans from commercial banks that run from six months to a year, or a self-liquidating loan. The problem with the latter is the sale of current assets provides the cash to pay for the loan, and if the assets are not sold, a business can be bankrupt immediately. There are compensating loans that are good for small or large business. This type of loan allows a bank to supply credit to a business, but funds have to be immediately available to cover 20% of the loan fee and 10% of future commitments (Lowe, 2006). In a trade credit, a company receives goods immediately, but does not have to pay until 30 or 60 days. Depending on the loan and vendor, a discount may be offered if it is paid with a specific time. An example would be using a credit card from Lowes to purchase a new kitchen. Lowes will finish the work but will not get paid for the work until later. Trade credits are also used as a signaling effect on the performance of both the seller and buyer. Companies with poor track records will have difficulty in getting longer credit days, so many opt not to see trade credit. Commercial paper is an unsecured promissory note, money market or certificate of deposit issued by large banks and corporations. The short-term investment is usually for a minimum of $25,000 and to purchase inventory or to manage working capital (Wikipedia , 2007), which is why businesses selling products use this type of financing. Generally regarded as a safe investment, Block and Hirt (2005) noted bankruptcies of United Airlines, Kmart, Enron and WorldCom in 2001-2002 have caused some lenders to become. One of the most common used short-term financing is the bank overdraft. IA bank issues the overdrafts with the right to call them in at short notice, although most have a certain period attached to them. This type of financing should not be used to purchase machinery or equipment since the bank can call in the loan at short notice. Bank drafts are good to use for companies with season fluctuations in trade, like nurseries which have down times during the various seasons. Conclusion Each business has to know how to manage its money and what finances are available if needed. If a firms cash inflows and outflows are mismanaged, it may face a liquidity crunch, which in turn means the business needs to borrow funding. If this happens, a business may take a loan or line of credit at a higher rate. If cash management techniques are planned ahead by a business, it can prevent this from happening. Cash flow management can also help a company to begin to show a profit and successfully stay in business. Referemces AllBusiness. (2007). Cash Flow Management Tools. Retrieved February 1, 2007, from www.allbusiness.com Block, Stanley B. and Hirt, Geoffrey A. (2005). Current Asset Management. (University of Phoenix Custom Edition e-text). New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies. Retrieved January 28, 2007, from University of Phoenix, rEsource, MBA/503 Introduction to Finance and Accounting. Block, Stanley B. and Hirt, Geoffrey A. (2005). Sources of Short-Term Financing. (University of Phoenix Custom Edition e-text). New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies. Retrieved January 28, 2007, from University of Phoenix, rEsource, MBA/503 Introduction to Finance and Accounting. Block, Stanley B. and Hirt, Geoffrey A. (2005). Working Capital and the Financing Decision. (University of Phoenix Custom Edition e-text). New York: The McGraw-Hill Companies. Retrieved January 28, 2007, from University of Phoenix, rEsource, MBA/503 Introduction to Finance and Accounting. Lowe, Kevin. (2006). Managing Your Cash Flow and Tools to Use.. Retrieved January 31, 2007, from entrepreneur.com United States Treasury. (2007). Electronic Funds Transfer. Retrieved Febuary 2, 2007, from fms.teas.gov Wikipedia. (2007). Commercial Paper. Retrieved January 30, 2007, from wikipedia.com. Research Papers on Understanding Cash Flow ManagementIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaThe Project Managment Office SystemOpen Architechture a white paperDefinition of Export QuotasMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductResearch Process Part OneThe Spring and AutumnTwilight of the UAWThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug Use

Crime Causation and Diversion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Crime Causation and Diversion - Essay Example In the end, they opt to take their behaviour in the society (Rubin, 2009). Moreover, juvenile delinquent behaviours could also be attributed to race. Black Americans and Mexicans youths engage in more delinquent behaviours due to their social class and deep rooted culture of violence. Adolescents in wanting to feel recognized in the society, engage in adult activities to corrupt their behaviour (Rubin, 2009). Following a rise of incidences of juvenile delinquency, a number of juvenile interventions programs became introduced in the state where I live. The two intervention programs commonly used in the state encompass the Intensive Delinquency Diversion Service (IDDS) and the Teen Court (Rubin, 2009). These intervention programs became founded to help reduce juvenile crimes in the area through a number of interventions they provide. These programs help model youth offenders with an aim of preventing them to become adult offenders in the future (Rubin, 2009). Q. 2 Intensive Delinquency Diversion Service aims at preventing young offenders from growing into chronic and adult offenders in future (Rubin, 2009). ... Teen courts hence prosecute youth offenders with minor offenders through the help of other offenders in order to give them a near experience of how the court in the real world would be like. Q. 3 The key participants in these programs involve all females and males under the age of 18 years with a history of delinquent behaviour (Rubin, 2009). Intensive Delinquency Diversion Service for instance often enrolls youths engaged in first offense at an age of 15 or less, children involved in truancy, poor school performance, and children that lack of parental supervision, children having substance abuse problems plus those affiliated to gangs (Rubin, 2009). Participants in Intensive Delinquency Diversion Service often are providing a wider scope for the program to function through capturing and correcting youth offenders before worsening to adult offenders (Rubin, 2009). The key participants in the Teen Courts entail youth offenders under the age of 18 years and judged by their peers. These courts often have youth volunteers to judge their peers (Rubin, 2009). Q. 4 Intensive Delinquency Diversion Service often provides a number of services to the juvenile offenders (Rubin, 2009). They include mental health or substance abuse counselling, curfews, doing community service, restitution to the affected victims, writing of letters of apology, forfeiture of driver’s license, and avoidance of contact with co-defendants, peers that encouraged the child into the given delinquent behaviour (Rubin, 2009). In teen courts, youth offenders become provided with firsthand experience of how the courts will be. The program helps in sentencing youths for minor delinquent behaviour and provision of sanctions to the offenders through a peer driven sentencing mechanism

Wave Overtopping on Coastal Structures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Wave Overtopping on Coastal Structures - Essay Example Traditionally, laboratory experiments and field observations have been used to study this turbulent oceanographic phenomenon and empirical formulae have been derived from these but severe limitations existed since parameters to which these derivations fitted were local (Shao, 2006). Thus, in recent time, universal derivations that can fit across a wide range of parametric requirements of structure geometry, water conditions and wave dynamics are considered essential and desirable. To this end, fluid dynamics proves a somewhat reliable model generator but traditional Eulerian approaches that discretise governing equations over a computational field divided into a grid system based on local parameters develop problems of numerical diffusion that transcends localised grid patterns and tend to encompass the entire grid so that the discretised development of the equation into an unified whole is seriously affected (Shao, 2006). More recently, to solve this diffusion effect for traditional dynamics, a particle method has been developed wherewith the discretised equation utlises individual particles in the flow as centres of development. The diffusion effect is effectively smoothed by a functional kernel that identifies and utilises the combined functions of the angular and linear momentums of each particle (Shao, 2006). The smoothing out of the diffusion effect generated at each particle location within the flow thus allows the fluid, in this case seawater in wave form, to be accounted for as an incompressible one (Shao, 2006). One such method that utilises this unique strategy is the moving particle semi-implicit method (MPS) applied somewhat successfully by Japanese scientists to wave flow patterns (Shao, 2006). The model that this paper will demonstrate is the smoothed particle hydrodynamic (SPH) method as developed and tested by Shao, 2006. The paper shall now study a little of how this manner of computational strategy developed. Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH): The smoothed particle hydrodynamic method was one of the earliest meshfree methods applying Langrangian description of motion. It was primarily proposed by Lucy (1977) and Gingold and Monaghan (1977) (source: Zhang and Batra, 2004) for problems in astrophysics in three-dimensional space (Zhang and Batra, 2004). In the conventional smoothed particle hydrodynamic (SPH) method, for a function f at a point x within a domain , the approximate value of is given as below: = (Eqn. 2.1, p. 137, Zhang and Batra, 2004) In this equation, is the kernel or smoothing function. The approximate value of of f depends upon two parameters - the kernel W and the dilation h, the last providing support for W. It is essential that the kernel W should have the following properties - I) = 0, for , II) , III) , here is the Dirac delta function, IV) , and V) =. (Zhang and Batra, 2004) This conventional SPH method is not even zero-order consistent at the boundaries (Zhang and Batra, 2004). This forced Liu et al, 1995a,b, to introduce a corrective function that is a polynomial of the spatial coordinates, making the method order consistent (Zhang and Batra, 2004). Chen et al, (1999a,b) and Zhang and Batra, 2004, also sought to improve the conventional SPH method consistency in some manner. It is notable that the smoothed particle hydrodynamics method is a macroscopic model but it can be considered both as a continuum and particle method (Meakin et al, 2007). This is in particular context to the fact that the computational efficiency of purely particle methods is low in comparison to purely continuum ones (Meakin

An overview of Health Care Reform Research Paper

An overview of Health Care Reform - Research Paper Example The Medicaid expansion is expected to take place before 2014. In 2010, the Medicaid income eligibility level was 64% of the federal poverty level and currently only 11 states provide coverage for adults without dependent children. The expansion of Medicaid will avail services to individuals under 65 years of age who earn less than 133% of poverty, despite their family composition. The expansion makes it possible for children with the cover of children’s health insurance program to access the Medicaid services; the services provide more comprehensive children’s benefits package and lower cost sharing limits. The federal government will provide the finance of the Medicaid service. For enrollment of new members, the government will pay the full cost for the first three years. In 2017, the government will split 5% to be covered by the state. The state’s share of the cost of the expansion will then top out at 10% in 2019 and in future. The expansion of the Medicaid services will change how individual’s income will be calculated to create consistency; this will be in terms of tax credits available, for people who earn between 133 and 400 of federal poverty level. In 2014, states are expected to use modified adjusted gross income to determine the income of a family or an individual. This program covers over 7 million children of low income. The expansion will continue when the health reform provide the federal funding needed and, this will enable more children to be covered by the child insurance program. This should take place through the end of the federal year 2015 under the existing rules of that year. At the beginning of the year 2016, states will receive a 23% increase in coverage of the child health insurance program paid by the federal government. The program will need to be adjusted by the end of 2015 for the expansion to be experienced. By 2014

Structure of DNA: An Overview

Structure of DNA: An Overview The structure of DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA is generally found in all organisms as well as humans. DNA is an inherited material that every person has, and is set up in both the cell nucleus and the mitochondria. A higher percentage of human DNA comprise of nuclear DNA because it is found in the nucleus. (Berger, 1998). DNA comprises of numerous properties, the most significant being; that it can copy itself. In the occurrence of this process, the twofold helix strands of DNA are employed as a model for replicating the base sequences. (Watson, 2011). This is an important process in the event of cell division due to the vital requirement for each new cell to carry an accurate DNA copy found in the mature cell. Adenine (A), guanine (G), thymine (T), cytosine (C) and uracil (U) are major five chemical bases that accumulate DNA’s coded information (Watson Crick, 2003). There are over three billion of such chemicals. More than 99% of these bases have been proved to be reliable in all humans (Buch ini Leumann, 2003). As a result of the complexity and association of the entire DNA structure, an in-depth look of each part; DNA is the genetic information of nearly all living organisms. It can be copied over age brackets of cells; it can be converted into proteins; and can be mended when required. DNA is a polymer, composed of nucleotides (Watson Crick, 2003) Hydrogen bonds: bases pairing The (hydrophobic) bases are piled on the in the interior, their level surface are vertical to the axis of the double helix (Berger, 1998). The exterior (phosphate and sugar) is hydrophilic. Hydrogen limits between the bases of one strand and that of the other strand grip the two strands together (dashed lines in the drawing). A purine on one strand links to a pyrimidine on the other strand. Consequently, the number of purines deposits matches the number of pyrimidine deposits (Watson, 2011). A binds T (with 2 hydrogen bounds), while G binds C (with 3 hydrogen bounds: more stable link: 5.5 kcal vs 3.5 kcal) (Rà ¤dler Safinya, 1997). Thus, the substance in A in the DNA is equal to the one in T, and the substance in G equals the one in C. The complement of the 2 strands is as a result of this (AT and GC) correspondence. One serves as a template of the other, and vice versa. This feature allows exact replication (â€Å"semi-conservative replication: one strand -the template- is conserved, another is newly synthesized, same with the second strand, conserved, allowing another one to be newly synthesized†) (Buchini Leumann, 2003). The model of Watson and Crick above described sometimes differs from the Hydrogen bounds in base pairing from using the N7 atom of the purine instead of the N1 (Hoogsteen model). Figure 1 Major groove and minor groove The double helix is a rather inflexible and thick molecule of a huge extent and a small diameter. It presents both major groove and a minor groove (Patil, Rhodes Burgess, 2004). The major groove is profound and broad; the minor groove is thin and shallow. DNA-protein connections are essential procedures in the life of the cell life. Proteins connect at the ground of the DNA grooves, using a precise binding: hydrogen bounds, and distracted binding: van der Waals exchanges. Proteins recognize H-bond donors, H-bond acceptors, methyl groups (hydrophobic), which are later in the major groove (Rà ¤dler Safinya, 1997). The major groove involves 4 likely patterns of recognition, and 2 with the minor groove. A few proteins bind DNA in its major groove, some other in the minor groove, and some need to bind to both. The minor groove of double helical B-DNA is a sector of great attention for rising new drugs because of its non-covalence high succession specific connections for a huge number of tiny molecules (Berger, 1998). Minor groove binding lies among the broadly studied class of agents exemplified by, an advanced succession specificity and possessing diverse biological actions. A number of them display antiviral, antibacterial, and antiprotozoal properties. However, others have shown antitumor activity. Figure 2 H-DNA or triplex DNA Inverted repeats (palindromes) of polypurine/polypyrimidine DNA stretches can structure triplex structures (triple helix) (Watson Crick, 2003). A triple-stranded together with a single stranded DNA are formed. H-DNA may have a function in practical regulation of gene appearance as well as on RNAs (e.g. repression of transcription). Figure 3 Triplex Forming Nucleotides Triplex forming oligonucleotides (TFOs) have attained significant focus as a possible therapeutic agent to aim gene expression (Patil, Rhodes Burgess, 2004). They are a group of DNA oligonucleotides which are capable of fusing with other main groove of the duplex DNA creating triple helix (Buchini Leumann, 2003). The creation of a triplex beside the main groove leads to competition with the fusing of transcription factors and the proteins essential for transcription. TFOs provide specificity sequence and hence can be used to aim and inhibit appearance of specific genes which are associated with a particular disease state. In addition TFOs can also be used as diagnostic agents for identification of a foreign DNA (viral or bacterial) or any diseases associated to mutations. Binding of Triplex Forming Oligonucleotides TFOs, in the span of approximately 20 bases, can bind in the major groove via Hoogsteen hydrogen bonds to the purine (A and G) bases on the double stranded DNA, already in the structure of the Watson-Crick helix. The binding can take place at the extent of pyrimidines of one DNA strand and the opposite purines on the other. TFOs bind to the strand with purines. Respective of their base composure, TFOs can bind to the double helix in either parallel or antiparallel direction to the purine-bearing strand (Buchini Leumann, 2003). TFOs made of pyrimidines (C and T) bind to the purine-rich strand of the objective double helix via Hoogsteen hydrogen bonds in a parallel manner. TFOs comprised of purines (A and G), or mixed purine and pyrimidine (G and T) bind to the same purine-rich strand through reverse Hoogsteen bonds in an anti-parallel style (Rà ¤dler Safinya, 1997). Oligonucleotides with modified structural features Oligonucleotides hauling other compound moieties besides the normal bases are called â€Å"modified oligonucleotides†. The modifications can be situated at the 3’- or 5’-end of the oligonucleotide, or within the sugar-phosphate stamina or at the nucleobases. Mainly all PCR applications are still potential if the modification is close to the 5’- end of the oligonucleotide. Contrary, modifications at the 3’- end typically wedge this end for extra enzymatic response. In order to achieve an absolute blocking, an inverted end or C3-Spacer modification is recommended (Patil, Rhodes Burgess, 2004). Chemically synthesized oligonucleotides bear free hydroxy (OH) collection at their relevant 3’- and 5’- ends (Berger, 1998). Besides, some biological tests need the presence of the natural structure of an oligonucleotide. This modification requires being ordered explicitly (Rà ¤dler Safinya, 1997). Structure and Limitations DNA triple helices figure in a sequence-specific way on polypurine:polypyrimidine tracts (1–3), which are extensive in mammalian genomes (4–6). The third thread recline in the major groove of an integral duplex and is calmed by two Hoogsteen hydrogen bonds between third strand bases and the purines in the duplex (3, 7) (Buchini Leumann, 2003). The third strand may comprise of pyrimidines, or purines, respective of the character of the target succession. In the pyrimidine (or Y.R:Y) motif, a homopyrimidine oligonucleotide binds in a trend parallel to the purine strand in the duplex, with canonical base triplets of T.A:T and C.G:C. In the alternate purine motif (R.R:Y), a homopurine strand binds antiparallel to the purine strand, with base triplets of A.A:T and G.G:C (8, 9) (Buchini Leumann, 2003). The development of TFOs could involve sequence-specific gene targeting reagents in live cells (12–17) (Berger, 1998). Despite this, several obstacles still need to be overcome. Triplex chemistry and biochemistry inflict essential limitations to TFO action in the nuclear setting, and target choices are inadequate to polypurine:polypyrimidine sequences (Watson, 2011). Additionally, it is evident that nucleosomes can inhibit triplex formation (18–20). As a result, ease of access to genomic targets is an important issue. Potential applications of TFOs-gene targeting Potential applications of TFOs embrace gene targeting treatment particularly for cancer and the study of gene expressions. TFOs can hush a gene record by aiming the dictation initiation sites, (i.e., the promoter region), or by targeting recording of elongation by striking at the triplex binding sites. Specifity of sequence is the answer to efficient genetic targeting. With the use of specificity, genes that are targeted can be changed in many ways. Gene therapy agents change into loose cannons inside the cells without it. Triplex forming oligonucleotides (TFOs) fuse into main groove of the duplex DNA with high affinity and specificity (Watson, 2011). Due to these properties, TFOs have been thought as host devices for the genetic manipulation. Recent researches have shown that TFOs have the ability to mediate targeted gene success in mice, establishing the basis for the possible application of those molecules in a human being’s gene therapy. Molecules that fuse with the DNA double helix might interfere with gene appearance and, to add to the potential therapeutic applications, it can be useful for the research of DNA processing, package of chromatin, or related biological processes. The Triplex-forming oligonucleotides (TFOs) fuse with specific sequences in DNA double helix through hydrogen bonding interactions. The TFOs have been revealed to down-regulate the expression of the gene, to induce aimed genomic DNA modifications, so as to fasten DNA combination, and also to regulate chromatin organization. In addition to this, they can be used as transporting agents to place DNA-modifying agents into selected sequences (Patil, Rhodes Burgess, 2004). Something important regarding TFO technologies are the creation of fresh oligonucleotide analogues which have improved fusing affinity, sufficient stability and better target selectivity, in intracellular environment. References Watson, J. D, Crick, F. H, 2003, The structure of DNA. In Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology, Vol. 18, pp. 123-131, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. Berger, J. M. (1998). Structure of DNA topoisomerases. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta  (BBA)-Gene Structure and Expression, 1400(1), 3-18. Rà ¤dler, J. Safinya, C. R., 1997, Structure of DNA-cationic liposome complexes: DNA  Intercalation in Multilamellar Membranes in Distinct Interhelical Packing Regimes, Science, 275(5301), 810-814. Watson, J. D, 2011, The double helix: A personal account of the discovery of the structure of DNA, Simon and Schuster. Buchini, S., Leumann, C. J, 2003, Recent improvements in antigene technology, Current opinion in chemical biology, 7(6), 717-726. Patil, S. D., Rhodes, D. G., Burgess, D. J, 2004, Anionic liposomal delivery system for DNA transfection, The AAPS journal, 6(4), 13-22.

Comapring Father/Daughter Relationships in King Lear and A Thousand Acr

Father/Daughter Relationships in King Lear and A Thousand Acres   Ã‚  Ã‚   The bond between a father and a daughter stands as one of the strongest emotional bonds present within many families. From the moment their little girls emerge from the womb to the moment their young women marry, the father reigns as the head of the household, the controller, and the protector. Though this rings true for many families, sometimes Daddy's little girls make all the rules. They possess the ability to acquire what they want through their incessant whining, crying, and batting of their eyelashes. Daddy's little girls assert control over most situations and possess negotiating skills that rival those of the best Wall Street stockbrokers. Pulling at Daddy's heart, Daddy's little girls play their fathers like puppets. Daddy appears as the head, but everyone knows who reigns as the boss. Though a father takes on the leadership role as the male figure head of the family, the role of protector makes the father-daughter bond particularly strong. Fathers protect their little girls from all harm so they proclaim. What happens when something shatters the respect and trust within the father-daughter relationship? What happens if the father hurts the daughter or vice versa? William Shakespeare's King Lear and Jane Smiley's A Thousand Acres delve into the subject of father-daughter relationships. Both works of literature carefully examine the father-daughter theme, but, in King Lear, Lear receives the sympathy and not his sinister, evil daughters, Goneril and Regan, while in A Thousand Acres Larry Cook emerges as the villain, the daughters, Ginny and Rose, emerge as the heroines.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In every family resides the favorite. The favorites get eve... ...es stand as the ones that survive through the storm that rages in their lives. Although some of the heroes ultimately die, Lear of King Lear and Ginny and Rose of A Thousand Acres establish themselves as examples of total self-respect. Though people disrespect them, they persevere and live their lives to the best of their abilities emerging as the only true, heroic characters.    Works Cited Harbage, Alfred. " King Lear: An Introduction." Shakespeare: The Tragedies: A Collection of Critical Essays. Englewood: Prentice-Hall, 1964: 113-22. Knight, Wilson. "King Lear and the Comedy of the Grotesque." Shakespeare: The Tragedies: A Collection of Critical Essays. Englewood:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Prentice-Hall, 1964: 123-38. Shakespeare, William. King Lear. New York: Scholastic, 1970. Smiley, Jane. A Thousand Acres. Thorndike: Thorndike Press, 1991.

Love vs Infatuation

Love Vs. Infatuation There are plenty of differences between being infatuated with someone and being in love with someone. A person knows in their heart what they feel but most of the time the two can be confused. Usually it takes a little while to know whether or not you’re infatuated versus being in love. You won’t know overnight but sometimes you have to figure it out for yourself. Both love and infatuation are crazy things, They are both led by something other than your brain which is why it’s so hard to distinguish the two. Love is led by your heart and infatuation, by the chemicals released in your body.Infatuation may have some similar â€Å"symptoms† of love but the differences overrule the small similarities. I myself still have trouble separating the two. It would be an amazing thing if a guide book just dropped down to help you figure out just what you were experiencing. Unfortunately that does not exist so I will distinguish the difference betw een love and infatuation in the next few paragraphs, with some help from some people experienced in the area. â€Å"Love is friendship that has caught fire; it takes root and grows, one day at a time†, Ann Landers of the Chicago Tribune says.I love this quote because it really gives you an idea of how love should start. Love takes time to grow, it does not come overnight. It isn’t something like a fairytale. For instance in Cinderella, Cinderella leaves her glass slipper behind and the prince searches for her and they fall in love and get married in what seems like less than a month. Yes there may be some out there that do get married or â€Å"fall in love† in such a short time span. Usually those are the relationships that don’t last long or work out. â€Å"When you’re in love, you feel strong, full of life, and happy.You feel Secure and beautiful†, S. E Jones, Yahoo contributor beautifully puts her version of love. With love you donâ€℠¢t feel as if you have to worry about your mental state of mind; you feel great, like as if nothing can bring you down or get in your way. You might feel as if anything that comes your way you can handle. With love comes trust, you trust them quite literally with your heart. Some people may even trust their partner with their life, they would give their own life to save the other if it came down to it. Lastly I believe love is taking each other mperfections; every single one of them and saying wholeheartedly that you accept them. No matter how horrible they may be you can say that you still accept them, love them, and want to spend the rest of your life with them. You should not have really try when you’re in love. Love is mature, it is effortless. Infatuation I feel is fairly, easily confused with love because when you think of love you think of this intense, strong feeling. Infatuation is a strong, deep feeling as well but there is a big difference between the two.The reaso n infatuation can feel so intense and strong feeling is because with infatuation it all comes at once, sort of like a bomb. However, unlike love the â€Å"bomb† goes off after a short time and does not last as long as love does. Infatuation does not grow over time because when you’re infatuated you need instant gratification. Also, when you are infatuated you are constantly wondering. Wondering if your partner is doing something behind you back to hurt you, if they like you as much as you like them, and simply what they think of you.To sum it up with infatuation come constant worrying and anxiety. Unlike love you do not feel secure or safe. â€Å"Infatuation lacks confidence†, Ann Landers simply puts it. In an infatuated relationship you fell as if disaster is around the corner. You feel like your partner is going to disappoint you or even that you are going to lose your partner at any point. In which most cases things are fine and you are just overthinking but that’s what comes along with infatuation, being in that obsessive state of mind.With infatuation there is no trust, just hope. Again using S. E Jones creative words â€Å"Infatuation is getting through today and hoping tomorrow will be good too†. Infatuation is a very interesting experience, fun to some. It is bound to happen at some point. Infatuation is the â€Å"evil twin† it’s nice looking on the exterior but it ends up being a little less than horrible when looked at a little closer. Now as you can see there are big differences between love and infatuation. On the other hand see how easy it may be to mix up the two.It’s sort of like infatuation is the kid in you while love is the adult. It’s important to know sometimes it is inevitable to be infatuated with a person but once love comes around you’ll see just what you were missing out on. Love lasts and is sometimes quite literally your best friend; a lot of people in love view th eir partners as their best friend which is an amazing thing in itself. Unfortunately Infatuation can be compared to that friend you were best friends all throughout middle school but lost touch with when you entered high school.Some things just aren’t meant to last but that’s mostly because better things like love are waiting to happen. References * Jones, S. E. â€Å"The top ten differences between love and infatuation. †Ã‚  Yahoo Voices. Yahoo, 15 Sep 2009. Web. 1 Apr 2013. . * Landers, Ann. â€Å"Love Vs. infatuation: Telling the difference. â€Å"Chicago Tribune A&E. Chicago Tribune, 01 Dec 1990. Web. 1 Apr 2013. .

1984 by George Orwell. Term Paper

1984 by George Orwell. Term Paper 1984 by George Orwell. Term Paper 1984 was written by famous novelist George Orwell and published in 1949. This particular piece of literature takes place in the country of Oceania which is a totalitarian society under the â€Å"watch† of Big Brother. The citizens of Oceania are watched at every single time of the day and Winston (the main character) is against the oppression and manipulation. He wishes to rebel by joining the Brotherhood and overthrow the government and in this journey, he meets a beautiful woman by the name of Julia, who hates The Party just as much as he does and soon, they begin a secret sexual affair (which considered delicate crime). Julia and Winston meet a man named O’Brien whom they believe is part of the Brotherhood but is really part of the inner party. O’Brien â€Å"introduces† Winston into the Brotherhood which is really a trap that was planned for years. He and Julia are sent to the dreaded Ministry of Love. Winston and Julia are tortured and what they once b elieved in is suddenly tested, the individuality they once had is taken away. He is able to depict a society where one obtains no autonomy and incorporated the theme that a healthy and functional government consists of physical and psychological independence. Orwell is known for writing novels about social justice and opposition against totalitarianism. Another one of his popular pieces was Animal Farm which personified a barn of animals based on Stalin’s betrayal of the Russian Revolution. There is a definite pattern in his books. His form of literature came from his past experiences. He was the son of a British colonial civil servant. Growing up he participated in the Indian Imperial Police, in both the anarchist party in the 1920’s and socialist party in the 1930’s. By 1936 Orwell had traveled to Spain to fight for the Republicans against France’s Nationalists. He fled fearing for his life when the Soviet Union backed by communists suppressed revolutionary socialists. As a reader you can absolutely find the connection between his writing and his life. He was exposed to several famous social issues and in publishing books like 1984 and Animal Farm, it was a way for him to apply his background and thoughts abo ut the events into non-fiction stories foreshadowing what he thought about the issue or the future would look like. Orwell’s novel 1984 is narrated by main character Winston Smith. There were many ideas throughout the book but it mainly depicted what a government with too much power can do to a society. Through Winston we clearly saw that â€Å"a government with too much authority is unsafe and will not function properly for the citizens if they do not obtain physical and psychological independence.† The government manipulated and oppressed people’s lives, decisions and even thoughts. In Oceania Big Brother was the head of The Party. The population was constantly reminded â€Å"BIG BROTHER IS WATCHING YOU.† This served as a barrier for Winston along with the other people to not do, think, or say what they believed. There was nowhere, where you were safe and free of the government. In fact, the government was so powerful that they had control of even the past. Winston worked in the Ministry of Truth where he did away with documents of the past or altered them into somet hing The Party wanted it to be, â€Å"[his] job was to rectify the original figures by making them agree with later ones.† â€Å"Lies became the truth†¦ just once in his life he possessed†¦evidence of an act of falsification.† In opposition to the Party, Winston feels as if he obtains the power to expose the truth. Government oppression causes him to continue to do away with the past hence, showing us the frustration he would feel. Having the actual truth ready to be revealed yet completely shut down by just the thought of being supervised all of the time and fear of his life. Everyone in Oceania was completely brain washed and having no physical documentation of the past was definitely not helpful. â€Å"For how can you establish even

Ganhdi essays

Ganhdi essays Gandhi is the true story of one mans devotion to his religion, he also helped to open a whole new aspect of the very different ways of the Hindu religion. The movie portrayed Gandhi as a man of courageous actions and strong will to pave the path for his people. Gandhi was ready and willing to do anything and everything for his country even sacrificing his own life. He stood up for the people by addressing the British government of the unfair justice that the people were living. This film had a huge affect on me. Before seeing it, I had a very limited understanding of who Gandhi was. I was simply in awe that someone like Gandhi accomplished what he accomplished in the amount of time he did. The film showed how to deal with a violent situation with non-violence. Im now a firm believer in that the best ways to achieve liberty, equality, and justice is through non-violent means. What moved me the most was this quote Gandhi said You must be the change you hope to see in this world. To me this means that change starts with you. This film has a lot to do with human rights of the Indians and others like them against the British Empire. The scene where the crowd of about 1,000+ Indians are fired on by the British soldiers is one of the most brutal things I have ever watched. This deeply affected me because first of all it was hard to watch but second of all I learned that the Indians did not fight back because they were dealing with this situation in a non-violent way. The most important connection this film had to human rights was the way that part of human rights violations comes from the capacity of the people being oppressed. This film also showed the compassion Gandhi had even for those who arrested his and beat him. We could learn a lot form Gandhi in our everyday lives, weather it comes to work, school or relationships with others. This movie raises the question in my mind could this really work? It s...

Anthropology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 4

Anthropology - Essay Example In relation to globalization, the article claims that English is every person’s second language in the world. According to the article, the sea played a part in making English a global language by enhancing the interaction of different cultures. In the article, the author expounds on how one restoration of speech from the dead could result to hearing a language to oneself. This assertion correlates with what we learned in chapter 3 about â€Å"articulatory phonetics†. Articulatory phonetics involves studying the production of speech sounds through vocal organs (40). In connection with this, the article explains how alteration of vocal organs through cruel death affected speech. In chapter 3 we also learned that successions of phones make a stretch of speech. It is in relation to this fact that the author of the article claimed that restoration of the dead people’s speech could assist in determining the language they used in communication. The author of the article clearly states his research topic, How English Became ‘Globish’ in writing the article. Apart from using simple language, the author provides detailed information on the origin and expansion of English in order to enable the reader to understand easily the article. Despite this, the article had some few weaknesses. For example, the use of articulatory phonetics in recognizing speech was not presented clearly in the article. Additionally, the article did not provide enough reasons as to why English is a global language. The information provided by the article will be very useful to a person researching on the origin of English language. It has presented the information about the origin of English language in a chronological manner. Although I knew that English is a global language, it is evident that article informed about its origin. The linking of globalization of English language with invasions makes one understand the importance of cultural integration as much as

Architecture in the Baroque period Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Architecture in the Baroque period - Essay Example Since the origins of the Baroque period can be readily traced to the religious developments during the period, it is also possible to differentiate and isolate that various characteristics of the structures during this period from others. Baroque artists did not make use of lines so that the volumes of the structures they built appear massive and weighty; instead they designed the structures such that the spaces between objects in them seemed vast and infinite. They also placed their figures and forms in a diagonal form rather than in rows so that the viewer could become more involved in the art. In line with the same ideas, figures in composition were made such that there were no clear boundaries between them. Such and other similar practices were employed in order to emphasize emotion and heighten the mood. It was done so with a purpose of arousing religious emotion. All these effects were created in the two most popular structures during the period, namely the church and the palac e. During the Baroque period, artists began to use their own symbolism rather than conforming to the previously established rules of the Renaissance era. Thus, the Church symbolism that had been created by the previous era began to vanish and as a consequence the influence of the Church on artistic content and form decreased. In fact, the events that heavily influenced all the works of art during this period were those of the Reformation and the Counter Reformation. One of the guiding principles was to reduce the influence of the Church.

Art Therapy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Art Therapy - Essay Example This paper focuses on art therapeutic effect. it is clear that art therapists should be aware of psychotherapeutic theories and adapt them into models relevant to art therapy (Waller, 1992). Psychological treatments next to creativity are combined in art therapy. As far as we can see, art therapy is a unification of medical and non-medical treatment and is available to the society both in medical and non-medical institutions. This fact proves that art therapy is a new stage in medicine development. Art therapists are mediators between the inner world of an individual and a turbulent reality. Creative minds of art therapists and their different approaches to every patient inspire their patients so that the latter can become calm and self-confident people. Art therapists make patients confident in their abilities to establish a successful social relationship, increase their cognitive abilities. Social difficulties experienced by individuals can be cured via art therapy as well. Basically, art therapists show humane attitude to their patients and it is necessary to devote more researchers to this ‘new paradigm’ of art therapy. Books and researchers in art therapy should be written in a creative manner. A creative spirit is an important factor of such kind of works. Art therapy is a paradoxical combination of science and art, which have been often regarded to be incompatible, but this science dis pels this myth and we clearly see that scientific and creative combination leads to a creation of effective field such as art therapy.

Warsaw Uprising Essay Example for Free

Warsaw Uprising Essay It all started on August the 1st. The Warsaw Uprising was in fact the largest single operation conducted by a partisan organization during 2nd world war. The Warsaw UPRISING was actually a struggle of the Polish armed struggle in order to liberate Warsaw and its 1,000,000 people from the German pursuit when the Soviet army was entering the city limits from the east.   The 378,000 Polish armed people augmented by 2,000-strong nationalist and communist units in the beginning controlled a major part of Warsaws left bank. Later, with the German determination for a complete invasion on all the installation as well as the military checkpoints, the Warsaw Uprising ended after 63 days of effort killing more then fifteen thousand people dead and 5,000 wounded in addition to 200,000 Polish civilians who also died during this whole process where the entire city was devastated. On the other hand German lost its 16,000 lives and 9,000 wounded. (Krall, Hanna. 1986) United State and British army had already landed in Normandy and the Red Army had entered through the Eastern front into the city of Warsaw. Ever since the start of the Nazi occupation the locals had been planning for a complete underground attack, and on 1st August 1944 the order was ultimately given by General Bor Komorowski for the forces of the Armia Krajowa (AK) get the Warsaw back from the Germans, which was been occupied since 4 years. In Warsaw the polish army was commanded by General Antoni ChruÅ›ciel, codename Monter initially. Under his command the polish insurgents came out on the street to fight the Germans. The Germans were prepared fortified forces, and they had been on full alert; however the polish youth who initiated the insurgency were inexperienced Polish youths had to attack an experienced, fully equipped enemy in daylight. Realizing the fact of being weak the polish commander requested the British Army for help. British army was already helping the locals against the Russians and Germans in a lot of other areas of USSR. British helped the polish but were not on their priority list. Despite their help was very small but that made a difference in their regime as it has a great psychotically affect on the German army. Americans also sent the help to polish but it was too very late like in mid of September In some parts they succeeded and in some partisans had to retreat. The attacks on the major installations like airbase and radio stations were all repulsed. The first attack is the most crucial step, was thus only partially achieved as the city was largely in control of insurgents, however within there were still a lot of fortified pockets of German army. The first day at war, ended with a lot of casualties from both sides. (Ciborowski, 1962) The fight went on for four continuous days and till 4th, Srodmiescie was largely in Polish hands. Germans had to retreat from Ã…Å¡rà ³dmieÅ›cie-PowiÅ›le-Starà ³wka-Wola region, the Zyrardow region, and the Mokotow. The polish was out of supplies thus General Komorowski asked the British and Americans to send them with ammunition and air support. The aid began and the city was largely in control   Polish fighter pilots flying from bases on the Apula (Italy) started shelling over Warsaw. Those pilots had to return to Italy, however the Soviets denied them permission to use there bases. First determined fighting by the Germans came out on 5th of August. The thrust came from the Wola region, and after three days of intense fighting, the 5000 Wehrmacht soldiers succeeded in dividing the part of the ARMIA KRAJOWA defense which was the most important area of polish insurgency, which comprised of about 2000 unequipped soldiers.   (J. Kirchmayer Powstanie Warszawskie†) Simultaneously, the other German failed in Mokotow-Ochota region. The insurgents were successful in protecting the Ã…Å¡rà ³dmieÅ›cie for over a week, staving off an early fall down of the armed effort. The Germans were able to make only limited movement. During August 8, Stalin ordered to delay militant actions close to Warsaw. He denied any allied transport air aid to land on Soviet airfields which practically denied helping the uprising by airdropping the supplies, as the nearest airport were located in England and Italy. By August 10th, however, the ARMIA KRAJOWA leadership knew the result of the Soviet-German war. They knew that they would not be able to combat the insurgents. As a result they started to expel their rage on the civilians. That activity changed the war into dirty struggle where a lot of innocent people were executed. The polish insurgents were very determent to be liberated. After the fall of Wola, the German army concentrated all their army on the Stare Miasto region. That area was considered to be most insurgent region, having bridges conceiting it to Vistula. The attack came on the 12th of August, and after heavy fighting, the Poles were forced to retreat, evacuating from old Jewish ghetto.   While the German retreat they had to face insurgency thus making the Germans to divert some troops from the main thrust to deal with this new event. Polish requested the British for air aid. Thus ARMIA KRAJOWA units were sent to help the insurgents The insurgents became successful in drawing some of the German forces from the Warsaw. (T. Bà ³r-Komorowski Armia Podziemna) Powisle was conquered by the Germans on 6th of September, pacifying defenseless civilians. On September 11th 47th Soviet army conquered the Prague. The Bach regiment was ordered to fully shut off the partisans from the Vistula with help of German air force and the 9th Armored Division. Red Army resumes its fight towards Warsaw. German and Russian airplanes engage in dog fights over the city. Soviet artillery shells German positions in Praga, Saxon Garden and Okenche air base. The German offensive became successful in narrowing the positions of insurgents to only a small piece of land near the Wilanowska Zagà ³rna streets. On 10th September the Red Army ordered the Marshal Konstantin Rokossovy, to enter the city however they met heavy resistance. After five days of struggle the Soviet forces were able to capture the right bank of the city. Rokossovy then restricted his army from further fight and waited for reinforcements. On 15th of September, when the uprising was already on the edge of disaster, a mass air-drop was possible. However to their dismay the air drop was mostly been acquired by the insurgents instead of the Germans. Even they captured the arms and ammunition. That affected the Germans position in the region diversely. (Adler, Stanislaw, 1982) For three consecutive nights, 1,600 soldiers from Berlings army cross the Vistula and join insurgents in the Czerniakow district. The tried landing in September 17th to 18th in the district fails with most of the 1,050 people executed or captured. On 20th of September germen army did some strategic changes to fight western allies along with the polish insurgents. The complete force, renamed the Warsaw Home Army Corps (Warszawski Korpus Armii Krajowej) and commanded by General Antoni ChruÅ›ciel   Heavy fighting in Czerniakow continues till September 23rd. Some defenders left across the river, others reach the City Center. Germans killed all captured insurgents and take Berlings soldiers as prisoners of war. (A. Borkiewicz Powstanie Warszawskie 1944†) On 16th Germans with help of the 9th army targeted the bridges followed by attack on Mokotà ³w, and taken over Makotow on 27th of September On 30th September the 19th Armored Division supported by Bach regiment attacked Ã… »oliborz, and captured it. This all resulted in hunger, the lack of arms, ammunition and medical help, therefore ARMIA KRAJOWA started negotiating with Bach. The Polish Red Cross negotiated with Bach-Zelewski the act of act of surrender was signed by both parties on October 2, 1944 and. 20,000 Armia Krojowa soldiers   were held as prisoners of war by Germans. The civilian were allowed to    References: A. Borkiewicz Powstanie Warszawskie 1944 Adler, Stanislaw. In the Warsaw Ghetto: 1940-1943: An Account of an Eyewitness. Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 1982. Ciborowski, Adolf and Stanislaw Jankowski. Warsaw Rebuilt. Warsaw: Polonia Publishing House, 1962. J. Kirchmayer Powstanie Warszawskie T. Bà ³r-Komorowski Armia Podziemna Krall, Hanna. Shielding the Flame: An Intimate Conversation with Dr. Marek Edelman, the Last Surviving Leader of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising. New York: Holt, 1986.

Pornography Does Not Cause Rape :: Argumentative Persuasive Topics

Pornography Does Not Cause Rape      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It started by way of messengers and scribes, evolved through the presentation of newspapers and radio, brought us together with television, and now serves us world-wide via the ever-popular Internet.   It is the mass media, and even from the earliest days of its existence, it has contributed greatly in ways that both enlighten and enrich society, and ways that deteriorate and perplex it.   It is not a surprise to learn, then, that the mass media is the most powerful source of information we have, and nothing else in today's world influences public perception quite as heavily.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Unfortunately, however, most of what is broadcast or transmitted in the news today is with reference to the chaotic condition of our planet, or something else that society as a whole sees as detrimental or damaging. But the news on television is not the only type of media taking the criticism of society. Other forms of mass media, specifically movies and television programs containing pornography and violence have been heavily criticized. The underlining concept to be debated here is that society is negatively influenced, specifically, by these images of pornography and the result is increased violence against women. This assumption, and it is indeed only an assumption, is completely fallacious, however, as no concrete and completely conclusive evidence has ever been formulated in support of the theory.   The key premise here is that the mass media does not cause undesirable social behaviour and in actuality, the media people should not be dubbed as the "bad guys".   They simply use their power in the most constructive ways possible in order to promote their ratings and popularity.   One way to do that is to concentrate on what sells: sex, violence and disaster.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Having said this, why is it then, that many in society still believe otherwise; why do they continue to believe that pornography is " evil" and is a major cause for violence against women, specifically rape? There are many reasons for this misinterpretation and through the following few points, an attempt will be made to show that pornography has very little to almost no correlation with violence against women (of course nothing is "absolute" in society). In order to demonstrate this, it must be made evident that pornography is not "evil" and does not cause

Brief Shao Lin Monk History :: essays research papers fc

A Short History of Shao Lin Monks and their Martial Arts   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The original Shao Lin temple was built in 495 A.D. by the ruling Bei Wei emperor for an Indian monk who came to China to preach Buddhism. The name Shao Lin derived from the fact that its original temple was located within a small forest on Shao Shi mountain. Shao came from the name of the mountain and Lin comes from the Chinese character that stands for forest. The origin of Shao Lin being its own sect of Buddhism dates back to 540 A.D. when and Indian Buddhist named Bodhidharma, Tamo in Chinese, traveled to China to see the ruling Bei Wei Emperor. At that time, the Emperor had started local Buddhist monks translating Buddhist texts from Sanskrit to Chinese. The intent of this practice was geared towards allowing the general population to practice this religion. The Emperor believed that this act would lead to Nirvana, but Tamo disagreed. Tamo’s view on Buddhism was that you could not achieve your goal just through the good actions performed by others in you r name. Tamo then left to meet with the local Buddhist monks at Shao Lin.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Originally Tamo was refused entrance to the temple because the monks thought he was just an upstart or foreign meddler. Rejected by the monks, Tamo went to a nearby cave and meditated until the monks recognized his religious prowess and admitted him to the temple. Legend has it that he bore a hole through one side of the cave with his constant gaze; in fact, the act that earned him his recognition is lost to history. When Tamo joined the monks, he observed that they were not in good physical condition. Most of their routine paralleled that of Irish monks of the middle ages, who spent hours each day hunched over tables where they transcribed handwritten texts. Consequently, the monks in Shao Lin lacked the physical and mental stamina needed to perform even the most basic of Buddhist meditation practices. Tamo then incorporated by teaching them moving exercises designed to both enhance the flow of ch’i and build strength. These sets, modified from Indian yoga& #8217;s such as hatha and raja and were based on the movements of the 18 main animals in Indo-Chinese wilderness, were the beginning of Shao Lin martial arts known as gung fu. The Shao Lin temple was in a very secluded area where bandits traveled and wild animals were an occasional problem, so the martial side of the temple probably started out to fulfill self-defense needs.